Soluble Klotho protein suppresses THP-1-derived foam cell formation

AIMTo investigate the role of soluble Klotho protein in THP-1-derived foam cell formation. METHODSTHP-1 monocytes were induced into macrophages by treatment with 160 nmol/L phorbol myristate acetate for 48 h, and then were divided into 6 groups: negative control group (THP-1-derived macrophages), positive control group [THP-1-derived foam cells induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) for 48 h], and 25, 50, 100 and 200 μg/L soluble Klotho protein groups (THP-1-derived macrophages pretreated with soluble Klotho protein at the indicat?ed concentraions for 2 h and then induced by ox-LDL for 48 h). Lipid droplets in cytoplasm were observed by oil red O staining. The cholesterol outflow rate was detected by scintillation counting technique. The content of intracellular total cholesterol, free cholesterol and cholesterol ester was detected by enzyme fluorescence analysis. The expression of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 （ACAT1） and ATP-binding cassette transport?er A1 (ABCA1) at mRNA and protein levels was determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot, respectively. RESULTSOil red O staining and lipid mass quantification showed that THP-1-derived foam cell formation was dose-dependently suppressed by soluble Klotho protein. The cholesterol efflux rate of THP-1-derived foam cells was increased by soluble Klotho protein in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). In addition, soluble Klotho protein decreased the expression of ACAT1 and increased the expression of ABCA1 in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The soluble Klotho protein inhibits THP-1-derived foam cell formation in a dose-dependent manner by down-regulating the expression of ACAT1 and up-regulating the expression of ABCA1.     

朱顶红无菌苗叶片高效再生体系

以朱顶红（Hippeastrum vittatum）叶片为外植体进行离体培养，具有取材方便、试材充足、成本低等优势，但叶片诱导再生率极低，是朱顶红离体培养的一大难题。本试验中分别以‘花孔雀’和‘黑天鹅’朱顶红无菌苗叶片为外植体，探究了不同植物生长调节剂和不同取材部位对不定芽诱导和继代增殖的影响。结果表明：最佳外植体为 MS 培养基中培养 10 d 形成的幼嫩叶片基部（0.5 cm），在光照 16 h · d-1（光照强度 36 μmol · m-2 · s-1）下，不定芽诱导的最适培养基为 MS + 2 mg · L-1 6-BA + 1 mg · L-1 NAA + 2 mg · L-1 TDZ，两个品种的不定芽均以间接途径发生，其中‘花孔雀’在培养 40 d 后形成愈伤组织，55 d形成不定芽，诱导率可达 69.44%；‘黑天鹅’在培养 45 d 后形成愈伤组织，65 d 形成不定芽，诱导率达到 66.67%；最适体细胞胚诱导培养基为 MS + 2 mg · L-1 6-BA + 1 mg · L-1 PIC，‘花孔雀’和‘黑天鹅’的诱导率分别达到 66.67%和 63.89%；最佳不定芽增殖培养基为 MS + 2 mg · L-1 6-BA + 1 mg · L-1 NAA + 1 mg · L-1 TDZ，‘花孔雀’和‘黑天鹅’的增殖系数分别达到 4.67 和 3.46；在不添加植物生长调节剂的 MS培养基中进行生根培养，30 d 后两个品种的生根率均达到 100%；将生根培养 30 d 的小植株转移至室温条件下放置 3 d，摘去封口膜再驯化 3 d 后，移栽至经高温消毒的草炭︰蛭石（体积比）为 1︰1 的基质中，成活率达到 100%     

长柄扁桃良种‘中扁2号’

‘中扁2号’长柄扁桃是从包头市固阳县高产优良母树的半同胞子代中筛选出的高产优良单株培育的新品种。果实较大，扁圆形，成熟时紫红色，平均单仁质量0.28 g。在内蒙古地区，果实成熟期为7—8月。盛果期平均单株种仁产量0.19 ~ 0.21 kg，折合463.5 ~ 529.5 kg • hm-2。采用嫁接繁殖，适宜在内蒙古自治区多地种植。     

响应面法优化金花葵微波萃取工艺研究及香气分析

为了研究金花葵(Hibiseusmanihot L.)在烟草、香料等方面的开发和应用,以响应面法对微波萃取金花葵干花的工艺条件进行优化,并对其挥发性成分进行了分析鉴定。在单因素试验基础上,选择预处理加水量、萃取时间、萃取压力为影响因素,以金花葵提取率为响应值,采用Box-Behnken试验设计建立数学模型进行响应面分析,采用同时蒸馏提取装置收集挥发性成分并用气相色谱-质谱仪进行分析和鉴定。结果表明,最佳提取条件为预处理加水量为1∶2.5(g∶mL),萃取时间为85 min,萃取功率为520 W,金花葵提取率为0.290%。共鉴定出45种化合物,主要成分为(E)-9-二十碳烯、β-谷甾醇、亚麻酸、棕榈酸、乙酸、n-十八碳七氟丁酸酯、邻苯二甲酸单乙基己基酯、(3β)-麦角甾-5,24-二烯-3-醇、豆甾醇、9-十九碳烯等。微波萃取法可作为萃取金花葵烟用香料的有效方法,工艺稳定、可行。     

优化栽培措施对春玉米密植群体冠层结构及产量形成的调控效应

【目的】研究春玉米密植群体优化栽培模式下冠层结构特征,并探索其对冠层生产的调控机制及对产量提高的贡献。【方法】以耐密高产品种“中单909”为试验材料,设置105 000 株/hm²种植密度,采用深松（S）、宽窄行（W）及化控（C）的组合,形成4种根-冠优化栽培模式：（1）传统模式（旋耕20 cm,60 cm等行距,RU）,（2）耕层优化模式（深松耕作35 cm,60 cm等行距,SU）,（3）冠层优化模式（传统旋耕20 cm,80 cm+40 cm宽窄行,叶面喷施磷酸胆碱合剂ECK,RWC）,（4）综合优化模式（深松耕作35 cm,80 cm+40 cm宽窄行,叶面喷施磷酸胆碱合剂ECK,SWC）。比较不同栽培模式下冠层大田切片（垂直）、群体光分布、光合性能、蔗糖合成酶活性及籽粒灌浆的差异。【结果】相较于常规栽培模式（RU）,耕层优化模式（SU）的玉米冠层叶片干物质增加,冠层优化模式（RWC,SWC）下密植群体株高和穗位高降低30 cm以上,但群体整齐度下降明显;RWC和SWC处理,叶片垂直分布似“纺锤型”更为均匀,垂直高度180—240 cm的光能截获相比传统模式显著降低8%—37%,而穗位以下（120—180 cm）相比传统模式提高44%—129%;RU和SU处理呈现“漏斗型”株型特征,叶片集中分布在冠层顶部。根-冠协同优化可改良高密玉米群体冠层垂直结构,显著提高穗位及穗下叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率,增加穗位叶蔗糖磷酸合酶（SPS）和蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性,维持生育后期冠层叶片的生理活性,延长干物质活跃积累期10 d以上。【结论】综合优化模式（SWC）改变冠层干物质空间分布,增加了密植群体中下部光能截获和光合碳代谢能力,促进了花后冠层物质生产及籽粒灌浆,显著增加玉米籽粒产量。     

Genetic effects of historical anthropogenic disturbance on a long-lived endangered tropical tree Vatica mangachapoi

The endangered Vatica mangachapoi,a longlived,tropical tree with economic and ecological importance found in Hainan,China,was used to assess the hypothesis that historical human activities in Hainan's tropical rain forest could have negative effects on the genetic diversity of V.mangachapoi.Three hundred and twenty individuals from 11 natural populations—which were classified into three groups according to levels of disturbance—were sampled and analyzed with ISSRmarkers.Although genetic diversity of V.mangachapoi is high at the species level,it is relatively low within populations.A significant genetic differentiation occurs among different disturbance levels.Significant isolation-by-distance indicated relevant historical anthropogenic changes.Our findings showed that historical human disturbances significantly increase the genetic differentiation and slightly decrease the genetic diversity of long-lived tree V.mangachapoi.Relevant targeting conservation actions were recommended.     

Molecular cloning and functional characterization of the fatty acid delta 6 desaturase (FAD6) gene in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

The sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus), an important echinodermata, had high value in nutrition and medicine for its rich collagen, sulphated polysaccharide, glycosides and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The cDNA of the fatty acid desaturase gene in A. japonicus (AJFAD6) was cloned and was found to encode a desaturase with delta 6 FAD activity. Sequence analysis indicated that AJFAD6 included an open reading frame of 1392 bp, encoding 463 amino acids. AJFAD6 has all the conserved motifs found in other members of the FAD6 family, including an N‐terminal cytochrome b5 domain and three histidine‐rich regions. qRT‐PCR showed that AJFAD6 was expressed in all tissues tested during juvenile development and was mainly expressed in the respiratory tree at 150 days after adherence (150 days) and in the intestine at 100 days. Furthermore, AJFAD6 mRNA was also detected in the analysed adult tissues, with higher expression in the intestine and testis. Functional characterization of AJFAD6 in a recombinant yeast, Pichia pastoris, showed that AJFAD6 could catalyse exogenous linoleic acid (LA) and α‐linolenic acid (ALA) to produce γ‐linoleic acid (GLA) and stearidonic acid (STA), respectively, at conversion rates of 11.1% for LA to GLA and 3.4% for ALA to STA. Our results suggested that the biosynthetic pathway of PUFA existed in the sea cucumber, but endogenous production of eicosapentaenoic acid, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from either LA or ALA precursor appeared to be limited.     

Is behaviour in a novel environment associated with bodily state in brown trout Salmo trutta fry?

Energetic status and body size are inconstant bodily states often considered to have feedback effects on behaviour. Feedbacks can be negative, like starvation‐threshold feedbacks (lower state values = increased risk taking due to higher energy need, and vice versa), or positive, like state‐dependent safety feedbacks (higher state values = lower vulnerability when expressing risky behaviours, and vice versa). Few studies have investigated feedback effects during the early‐life survival bottleneck of territorial species, when rapid growth is particularly important to maintain competitive ability. We investigated effects of body size and energetic status on the emergence latency into an unknown environment in highly territorial brown trout fry. We manipulated energetic status using high and low food rations in different combinations over two consecutive periods. In contrast to results from other small‐sized fishes, no general behavioural effects of energetic state were detected, but larger fish had on average shorter emergence latency. Starvation‐threshold feedbacks were not supported, but the size effect favours the presence of a state‐dependent safety feedback. When individuals were split into clusters characterised by long (>34 s) and short (<34 s) emergence latency, a state‐dependent safety feedback, based on energetic status, was found in the short‐latency cluster. Positive state‐dependent feedbacks may reflect the high level of competition among wild trout fry during the first summer, particularly among the more active individuals (i.e., from the short latency cluster). High state levels could be utilised to gain advantages over lesser competitors (e.g., to establish territories), particularly if the overall risk of starvation is higher than the risk of predation.     

6种草本药用植物种子超低温保存技术研究

以草本药用植物杜若、过江藤、夏枯草、皱果苋、罗勒和山香的成熟种子为材料,探讨了含水量和冷冻方法对种子超低温保存的影响。结果表明,经液氮超低温冷冻后,6种草本药用植物种子发芽率较对照组均有显著差异(p0.05);适宜的含水量下,种子经过超低温冷冻后其发芽率甚至高于对照组。3种冷冻方法中,玻璃化冷冻法更适合过江藤和山香种子的超低温保存,缓慢冷冻法更适合皱果苋、杜若和夏枯草种子的超低温保存,直接冷冻法适合于杜若和罗勒种子的超低温保存。所以,液氮超低温冷冻法保存杜若等6种草本药用植物种子是可行的;含水量对超低温保存前后夏枯草、山香和罗勒种子的发芽率影响显著。     

基于雷达图分析法初步评价稻米食昧品质的研究

本研究建立了一种基于雷达图分析稻米食味评价的新方法.该方法选择胶稠度、碱消值、粒型、直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量等5个对稻米食味品质影响较大的理化指标作为雷达图分析的评价指标.各个评价指标经无量纲化处理后用于绘制雷达图.为消除指标排列顺序不同引起的差异,本文采用雷达图的平均周长和平均面积作为特征向量构建评价参数,并对10个参试样品的食味品质进行综合评价.结果表明,采用本文建立的雷达图分析法得到的食味评价排序与常规感官评价法的排序基本一致,表明本文建立的雷达图分析法适用于稻米食昧品质的初步评价.